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Part I - When Ownership Becomes Conditional: How NY City's COPA Tests a Constitutional Boundary

Author: Danielle Cassase and Kim Hermance, Co-Founders & Co-Director's of Project CIVICA
On December 18, 2025, the New York City Council passed the Community Opportunity to Purchase Act (COPA). Marketed as a tenant-protection and affordability measure, COPA would fundamentally alter who controls private property transactions in New York City by inserting government-approved nonprofit entities into the sales process and restricting an owner’s ability to sell freely.

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